Ngā Pūrongo

He tino hira te mahi a ngā konganuku utu nui i roto i ngā ahumahi hou, ngā whakapaipai, ngā haumitanga pūtea, me ētahi atu mara. Hei taputapu matua mō te tukatuka i ngā rauemi mata o ngā konganuku utu nui hei matūriki paerewa, ka pā tika te kōwhiringa o te mīhini whakapūkara konganuku utu nui ki te whai huatanga o te whakaputa, te kounga o te hua, me ngā painga ōhanga o ngā umanga. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te mea e tika anapūwero korehaumō ngā konganuku utu nui, e whakarato ana i ngā tohutoro whānui mō ngā kaimahi e tika ana.

1、 Whakamāramahia ngā whakaritenga whakaputa

(1) Ngā whakaritenga mō te kaha

Me whakatau e ngā umanga te kaha whakaputa e hiahiatia ana mō ngā mīhini hanga whakarewa i runga i te nui o ā rātou ota mākete me te tauine whakaputa. Hei tauira, ko tētahi umanga tukatuka whakapaipai nui me te nui o ā rātou ota i ia rā o ngā mano o ngā whakapaipai whakarewa utu nui me whai mīhini hanga whakarewa he kaha whakaputa teitei, pērā i ngā taputapu he tekau kirokaramu te putanga ia hāora, neke atu rānei, hei whakatutuki i te hiahia mō te whakaputa tonu. Tērā pea he maha kirokaramu ia hāora te kaha whakaputa o ngā awheawhe iti, o ngā taiwhanga rānei, he rawaka tēnā.

(2) Rahi o te matūriki

He rerekē ngā whakaritenga mō ngā whakaritenga o ngā matūriki konganuku utu nui i ia mara tono. I roto i te umanga hikohiko, me tino tika te rahi o ngā matūriki konganuku utu nui e whakamahia ana mō te hanga maramara ki te maikoromita, ā, me paerewa; i roto i te hanga o ngā pae koura haumi, he nui te rahi o te matūriki, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i tētahi rahi e whakaaetia ana, pērā i te rahi o te matūriki e rite ana ki ngā taumaha paerewa pērā i te 1 karamu, 5 karamu, me te 10 karamu.

2、 Te whakaaro ki ngā tawhā hangarau matua

(1) Te tohu korehau

Mā te nui ake o te korehau ka taea te whakaiti i te waikura me te whakaurunga hau o ngā konganuku utu nui i te wā o te tukanga whakapūkara. I te nuinga o te wā, mō te whakaputa i ngā matūriki konganuku utu nui kounga teitei, me eke te taumata korehau ki te 10.⁻³ki te 10⁻⁵ngā pascals. Hei tauira, i roto i te hanga i ngā matūriki konganuku utu nui tino parakore pērā i te konukawata me te palladium, mā te iti o te korehau ka hua ake he kiriata waikura ki te mata o ngā matūriki, ka pā ki tō rātou parakore me te mahi tukatuka i muri mai.

(2) Te tika o te whakahaere pāmahana

He mea nui te whakahaere tika i te pāmahana hei whakarite i te kounga o te whakahāngai matūriki. I te wā e whakahāngaihia ana te koura, me whakahaere te rerekētanga pāmahana i roto i te± 5 ℃. Ki te tino teitei te pāmahana, ka angiangi rawa ngā pata whakarewa, ka kore e hanga tika; ki te tino iti te pāmahana, ka kore e rere te wai whakarewa, ā, ka kore e maeneene te hanganga o ngā matūriki.

(3) Pūnaha whakahaere pēhanga

Mā te whakahaere pēhanga pumau ka taea te whakarite kia ōrite te whakaputanga me te āhua o ngā pata whakarewa. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko pēhanga tino tika me ngā taputapu whakahaere pēhanga atamai, ka taea te whakahaere i ngā rerekētanga pēhanga i roto i te whānuitanga iti rawa, kia rite ai te kounga me te āhua o ia matūriki.

3、 Rauemi taputapu me te hoahoa hanganga

（1）Rauemi wāhanga whakapā

Nā te nui o te uara me ngā āhuatanga matū ahurei o ngā konganuku utu nui, me hanga ngā wāhanga o te pūwero e pā ana ki ngā konganuku utu nui ki ngā rauemi parakore, ā, he ātete ki te waikura. Ka taea te whakamahi i te karāti, i ngā rauemi uku rānei, he parakore, hei oko hei karo i te poke o te konganuku; ka taea te hanga i te pūwero ki te rauemi koranu motuhake hei whakarite i te ātete ki te pāmahana teitei, te ātete ki te kakahu, me te kore e tauhohenga matū ki ngā konganuku utu nui.

（2）Te whakaaro whaitake hanganga

Me ngāwari te whakahaere, te tiaki, me te horoi i te hanganga o ngā taputapu. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i tētahi hoahoa pūwero ka taea te tango ka ngāwari te whakakapi ina hangaia he matūriki o ngā āhuatanga rerekē; me kiato te hanganga whānui, kia whakaitihia te tapuwae, engari i te wa ano ka whakarite kia nui te wāhi o ia wāhanga mō te whakamararatanga wera me te nekehanga miihini, pēnei i te whakatakotoranga o ngā motuka, ngā taputapu tuku, me ētahi atu, me tika.

4、 Ngā Pūnaha Aunoatanga me te Whakahaere

(1) Te taumata o te aunoatanga

Ka taea e te pūhui matū tino aunoa te whakaiti i te wawaotanga ā-ringa, te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaputa me te pumau o te kounga hua. Hei tauira, ko ngā taputapu me te whāngai aunoa, te whakahaere pāmahana me te pēhanga aunoa, te tirotiro matūriki aunoa me ngā mahi kohikohi ka taea te whakaiti i ngā raruraru kounga e puta mai ana i ngā hapa mahi a te tangata, me te whakaiti i ngā utu mahi. Ka taea e ngā pūhui matū matatau te whakatutuki i te whakaputanga kore tangata tonu mō ngā haora 24 mā roto i ngā kaupapa kua whakaritea.

(2) Ngā mahi a te pūnaha whakahaere

Me whai atanga ngāwari te pūnaha whakahaere kia taea ai e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatakoto i ngā tawhā me te aroturuki. I taua wā anō, kei a ia ngā mahi tātaritanga hapa me te whakaoho. Ina pāngia te taputapu e ngā raruraru pēnei i te pāmahana rerekē, te ngaronga pēhanga, te rahunga miihini, me ētahi atu, ka taea e ia te tuku whakaoho tere me te whakaatu i te wāhi me te take o te hapa, kia watea ai mō ngā kaimahi tiaki te kimi me te whakaoti tere i te raruraru. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha whakahaere PLC, ka taea te whakatutuki i te whakahaere tika me te aroturuki wā-tūturu o ngā wāhanga whakahaere rerekē o te granulator.

5、 Te tiaki me te ratonga i muri i te hoko

(1) Te Āheitanga ki te Tiaki

Ko te ngāwari o te tiaki i ngā taputapu e whakaatahia ana i roto i te whānui o ngā wāhanga me te watea o te tiaki. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā wāhanga paerewa, ka taea te whakakapi wawe i ngā taputapu mēnā ka puta he hapa; me āwhina te hoahoa hanganga o ngā taputapu i te tiaki ā-roto e ngā kaimahi tiaki, pērā i te rāhui i ngā tauranga tirotiro e ranea ana me te tango i ngā ariā hoahoa modular.

(2) Te kounga o te ratonga i muri i te hoko

He mea nui te whiriwhiri i tētahi kaihanga he pai te ingoa mō te ratonga muri-hoko. Me taea e ngā kaihanga te whakarato tautoko hangarau i te wā tika, pērā i te whakautu me te whakarato otinga i roto i ngā hāora 24 mēnā ka pakaru ngā taputapu; Ngā ratonga tiaki taputapu auau, pērā i te tirotiro whānui me te whakatika i ngā hapa o ngā taputapu i ia hauwhā, i ia ono marama rānei; Me te whakarato i ngā wāhanga tāpiri e ranea ana hei whakarite kia taea te whakakapi i ngā taputapu i te wā tika i roto i te whakamahinga roa nā te pakaru me te haehae o ngā wāhanga, me te kore e pā ki te ahunga whakamua o te whakaputanga.

6、 Tātaritanga painga utu

（1）Te utu hoko taputapu

He rerekētanga nui ngā utu i waenga i ngā mīhini whakapūkara whakarewa utu nui o ngā waitohu, tauira, me ngā whirihoranga rerekē. I te nuinga o te wā, he nui te utu o ngā taputapu he matatau ngā mahi, he nui te kaha whakaputa, me ngā rauemi pai rawa atu. Me whiriwhiri ngā pakihi i runga i tā rātou ake tahua, engari kāore e taea te whakawhirinaki noa ki te utu hei paearu anake. Me whai whakaaro whānui rātou ki te mahi me te kounga o ngā taputapu. Hei tauira, ko te utu mō te mīhini whakapūkara whakarewa utu nui kawemai he rau mano pea, he miriona rānei yuan, ko ngā taputapu waenga ki te iti i hangaia i te motu he tekau mano pea ki te rau mano pea.

（2）te utu whakahaere

Kei roto i ngā utu whakahaere ko te whakapaunga pūngao, te whakahekenga uara o ngā taputapu, ngā whakapaunga tiaki, me ētahi atu. Hei tauira, ka piki ake ngā whakapaunga hiko a te kamupene i ngā wā roa e whakamahia ana e ngā matūriki e whakapau kaha ana; e pā ana te utu whakahekenga uara o ngā taputapu ki te utu hoko tuatahi me te roa o te ratonga o ngā taputapu; ko te tiaki me te whakakapinga o ngā wāhanga i ia wā he wāhanga anō hoki o ngā utu whakahaere. Me arotake whānui e ngā umanga te utu katoa o ngā taputapu i roto i tōna roanga ratonga, ā, me whiriwhiri i ngā hua he nui te whai hua o te utu.

whakatau

Te whiriwhiri i tētahi mea e tika anapūwero korehau whakarewa utu nuiMe whai whakaaro whānui ki ngā āhuatanga maha pēnei i ngā whakaritenga whakaputa, ngā tawhā hangarau, ngā rauemi me ngā hanganga taputapu, te taumata aunoatanga, te tiaki me te ratonga muri-hoko, me te whai huatanga utu. I roto i te tukanga whiriwhiri, me mārama hōhonu ngā umanga ki ō rātou ake āhua whakaputa me ngā hiahia, me whakahaere rangahau taipitopito, whakatairite, me te aromatawai i ngā taputapu mai i ngā kaihanga me ngā tauira rerekē, tae atu ki te whakahaere tirotiro i te papaanga me te whakamātautau whakaputa, kia taea ai te whiriwhiri i te mīhini whakarewa korehau utu nui e tino tutuki ana i ā rātou whakaritenga whakaputa, he whai huatanga utu teitei, me te ratonga muri-hoko kua whakamanahia, e whakatakoto ana i te turanga pakari mō te whakaputanga pai me te pumau o te umanga.