Ngā Pūrongo

I roto i te umanga whakarewa utu nui e tino whakataetae ana, kua riro te auahatanga i roto i te hangarau whakaputa hei huarahi angitu mō ngā umanga.Ngā mīhini whakarewa tonukua noho hei "tino pai" mā te nuinga o ngā kamupene whakarewa utu nui nā ō rātou painga ahurei. Mā tēnei hangarau o te maka tonu i te wai whakarewa pāmahana teitei ki roto i ngā whakaritenga motuhake o te whakarewanga ka puta he painga nui ki ngā umanga mai i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa ki te kounga o te hua. Muri iho, ka tūhuratia e mātou ngā take e tino paingia ana.

1. Te whakaputanga whai hua, te hopu i ngā whai wāhitanga mākete

(1) Ka whakapotohia te wā huringa e te whakaputanga tonu

Kua pakaruhia e te mīhini whakarewa tonu te tikanga whakaputa wā-poto tuku iho o te tukanga whakarewa pokepokea ai, ā, kua tutuki te whakaputanga tonu o te konganuku rewa hei whakarewa. Ko te whakarewa tuku iho he raupapa o ngā tukanga hoha pērā i te horoi pokepokea ai, te whakamahana i mua, te whakarewa, me te tango i te whakarewa i muri i te whakaoti i ia oumu whakarewa, e kore e roa te wā e pau ana, engari ka waiho hoki te taputapu kia kore e mahi mō te wā roa.

Ā, ka taea e te mīhini whakarewa tonu te mahi tonu. Hei tauira, he umanga whakaputa koura rongonui, whai muri i te whakaurunga o te mīhini whakarewa tonu, i whakapotoa te huringa whakaputa pire mai i te 8 hāora ia puranga ki te 3 hāora, ā, i piki ake te pai o te whakaputanga neke atu i te 1.5 ngā wā. Mā tēnei momo whakaputa pai ka taea e ngā umanga te tere ake te whakautu ki te tono a te mākete, me te ārahi i te pana i ngā hua ki te mākete i roto i te mākete e piki haere ana ngā utu o te konganuku utu nui, ā, ka whiwhi i te painga whakataetae.

(2) Ka whakaitihia ngā utu e te nui o te hua whakarewa

He utu nui ngā konganuku utu nui, ā, ahakoa he iti noa te ōrau o te ngaronga ka piki ake te utu. I te wā o te tukanga whakaputa o te mīhini whakarewa tonu, ka hangaia tika te konganuku rewa, ka whakaitihia te ngaronga konganuku i puta mai i ngā toenga whakarewa, te tapahi whakarunga, me ētahi atu.

E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga, ki te whakatauritea ki te whakarewatanga tuku iho, ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua whakarewa o ngā mīhini whakarewa tonu mā te 12% -15%. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te hanga konukawata, ka taea e te umanga he 5 tana te whakaputanga o te konukawata ia tau te whakaputa i te 600-750 kirokaramu o te konukawata ia tau mā te whakamahi i ngā mīhini whakarewa tonu. Mēnā ka tatauhia i te utu mākete o te konukawata, ka taea te whakanui ake i te moni whiwhi mā te miriona, tae atu ki ngā tekau miriona yuan ia tau, ka whakaitihia te utu whakaputa o ngā hua takitahi, ka whakapai ake hoki i te tawhē hua o te umanga.

2. Te whakahaere tika hei whakarite i te kounga o te hua

(1) Te whakahaere tika i te tukanga whakapakeketanga

Mā te mīhini whakarewa tonu ka taea te whakahaere tika i te tukanga whakapakeketanga o te konganuku rewa mā te whakarerekē tika i ngā tawhā pēnei i te tere whakamatao o te tioata whakarewa, te tere whakarewa, me te tohatoha o te wai i te rohe whakamatao tuarua. Hei tauira, ina whakarerekētia te tere whakamatao o te tioata whakarewa kia tere ake, ka angiangi ake, ka ōrite ake te rahi o te kōpaka o te whakarewa hiriwa. Whai muri i te whakamātautau, ka piki ake tōna kaha mā te 20% pea, ā, ka whakanuia te pakari mā te 15%, ka tino whakapai ake i te mahi tukatuka i muri mai.

Ka taea e tēnei āheinga whakahaere tika te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia rerekē o ngā kiritaki rerekē mō te mahi hua, ka nui ake te whakataetae kounga o ngā hua whakarewa utu nui e hangaia ana e ngā umanga.

(2) Whakaitihia ngā hapa ā-roto, me te whakapai ake i te tere hua

I roto i te tukanga whakarewa tonu, ka hangaia te pereki i raro i ngā āhuatanga totoka pumau, ā, ka tukuna te tukanga tuhi ki te kaha ōrite, kia kore ai e pakaru ngā kapiti o roto, te wetekina me ētahi atu hapa i puta mai i ngā kaha o waho uaua i roto i te whakarewanga pokepoke tuku iho.

I whakahaerehia e tētahi rōpū tukatuka konganuku konukōre tētahi whakamātautau whakatairite, ā, i kitea i te whakamahi i te hangarau whakarewa pokepoke tuku iho, ko te tere pakaru o roto o te papa whakarewa he teitei ki te 8%, engari i muri i te huri ki te hanga mīhini whakarewa tonu, ka heke te tere hapa ki raro iho i te 1%. Nā te whakarewa kounga teitei i whakatakoto he turanga pakari mō te tukatuka i muri mai, ka piki ake te hua hua mai i te 85% ki te neke atu i te 95%, ka whakarite anō i ngā painga ōhanga o te umanga.

3. Te urutau ngāwari hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia kanorau

(1) Te whakaputa i ngā āhua me ngā rahi whakawhiti-wāhanga rerekē

Ko te ngāwari o ngā mīhini whakarewa tonu e kitea ana i roto i tō rātou kaha ki te whakarewa i ngā pere o ngā āhua me ngā rahi whakawhiti-wāhanga. Ahakoa he whakarewa porowhita noa, he whakarewa tapawhā, he whakarewa pereti rānei, he whakarewa whakawhiti-wāhanga āhua motuhake rānei e whakamahia ana i ngā mara motuhake, ka taea katoa te whakatutuki ngāwari.

I roto i te umanga whakapaipai, ka taea e ngā umanga te whakaputa i ngā porowhita waea porowhita o ngā diameter rerekē mā te whakarerekē i te mīhini whakarewa tonu kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga hoahoa; I roto i te mara o te umanga hikohiko, ka taea hoki te whakarewa i ngā pepa whakarewa utu nui o te matotoru me te whānui motuhake hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia ota whaiaro o ngā umanga me ngā kiritaki rerekē, hei āwhina i ngā umanga ki te whakawhānui i tā rātou whānuitanga pakihi.

(2) He whānui te whakamahinga ki ngā momo konganuku utu nui

He pai te whakamahinga o te hangarau whakarewa tonu ki ngā momo konganuku utu nui pērā i te koura, te hiriwa, te konukawata, te konukawata, me ētahi atu. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o ngā konganuku utu nui rerekē, hei tauira, ko te ira rewa o te konukawata he 1772 ℃, ko te ira rewa o te hiriwa he 961.78 ℃ anake, ā, he rerekē anō hoki te rere o te wai.

Ka arotauhia e te mīhini whakarewa tonu ngā tawhā tukanga, pērā i te whakanui ake i te kaha whakamatao me te tere whakarewa o te tioata whakarewa mō te konukawata, te whakarerekē i te rauemi tioata whakarewa me te maimoatanga mata mō te hiriwa, kia taea ai e te taputapu kotahi te urutau ki te hanga i ngā konganuku utu nui maha. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake i te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu anake, engari ka karohia hoki te haumi nui a ngā umanga ki te hoko i ngā huinga taputapu maha hei hanga i ngā konganuku utu nui rerekē, ka whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere.

4. Mā te auahatanga hangarau ka akiaki i te whanaketanga pumau

(1) Ka whakamanahia te whakaputanga e te aunoatanga me te matauranga

Ko te pūnaha whakahaere aunoa me te atamai e mau ana i ngā mīhini whakarewa tonu o ēnei rā kua riro hei "roro atamai" mō te tukanga whakaputa. He maha ngā pūoko e aroturuki ana i ngā tawhā matua pērā i te pāmahana maitai rewa, te teitei o te taumata wai, me te tere o te kume i ngā pire i te wā tūturu, ā, ka tere te tuku raraunga ki te pūnaha whakahaere.

Ka whakarerekē aunoa te pūnaha i ngā tawhā whakahaere o ngā taputapu i runga i ngā kaupapa me ngā rauropi kua whakaritea kia mau ai, kia tika ai hoki ngā tukanga whakaputa. I roto i tētahi whare whakaputa koura, nā te whakaurunga o ngā pūnaha whakahaere atamai kua pai ake te pumau o te kounga hua mā te 30% me te whakaiti i ngā aituā whakaputa i puta mai i ngā hapa mahi a te tangata mā te 80%. I taua wā anō, ka taea hoki e te pūnaha te whakarato i te tātaritanga hapa me te whakatūpato wā-tūturu mō ngā taputapu, te whakarite i te tiaki i mua, te whakaroa i te roa o te ratonga o ngā taputapu, me te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki.

(2) Ka kawea mai e ngā tukanga me ngā taputapu hou ngā whai wāhitanga hou

Kei te tūhura tonu ngā kairangahau, kei te whakawhanake hoki i ngā tukanga me ngā taputapu whakarewa tonu hou, e werowero ana i te kaha hou ki te hanga konganuku utu nui. Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau whakarewa tonu papa angiangi ka nui ake te whai huatanga me te penapena pūngao o te hanga pepa konganuku utu nui.

Ko te hanga tuku iho o ngā pereti angiangi e hiahiatia ana he maha ngā tukanga hurihuri, engari ko te whakarewanga tonu o ngā pereti angiangi ka taea te whakaputa tika i ngā whakarewanga angiangi, ka whakaiti i ngā haerenga hurihuri me te whakaheke i ngā utu whakaputa mā te 15% -20%. Kei te whanake tonu, kei te whakapai ake hoki ngā taputapu hou pēnei i ngā mīhini whakarewa tonu wira, e whakarato ana i ngā kōwhiringa hangarau ki ngā kamupene whakarewa utu nui, ā, e akiaki ana i te ahumahi ki te whanaketanga kounga teitei ake.